RESUMO
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar cualitativamente las regularidades de los conductos radiculares preparados con diferentes técnicas: técnica escalonada de retroceso programado, técnica Oregón modificada por la F.O.B. y técnica rotatoria Protaper. Fueron utilizados 30 conductos radiculares ex vivo de dientes unirradiculares de un único conducto. Los conductos fueron instrumentados de la siguiente manera: G1 (n=10) con la técnica escalonada de retroceso programado, G2 (n=10) con Oregon modificada por la F.O.B y G3 (n=10) con técnica rotatoria Protaper. Una vez acabada la instrumentación el material de impresión fue inyectado en el conducto radicular; después del fraguado del material de impresión los dientes fueron descalcificados para obtener los moldes de los conductos que fueron fotografiados con aumento 20x con microscopio digital Dino Lite plus para analizar la uniformidad de la instrumentación por tercios por las tres diferentes técnicas, clasificándolas en: CBI (conducto bien instrumentado), CRI (conducto regularmente instrumentado), CPI (conducto pobremente instrumentado). Los resultados mostraron predominancia de CBI para la técnica Protaper en los tercios medio y apical; en el tercio cervical para las tres técnicas y el tercio apical para la técnica Oregon modificada, siendo los peores resultados para la técnica escalonada de retroceso programado y Oregon modificada en el tercio medio, tercio apical en la Escalonada de Retroceso Programado. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la efectividad de las técnicas escalonada de retroceso programado, Oregon modificada y Protaper cuando fueron analizados cualitativamente los moldes de los tercios. Concluimos que las técnicas coronoapicales resultaron en una instrumentación más uniforme y de mejor calidad que la técnica escalonada.
The aim of this study was to evaluate qualitatively the regularities of root canalsprepared with different techniques: Step Back Oregon modified by F.O.B andProtaper. Thirty ex vivo root canals of single-rooted teeth with a single root canal wereused. The canals were instrumented as follows: G1 (n=10) Step Back, G2 (n=10)Oregon modified by FOB and G3 (n=10) Protaper tecniques. Once instrumentation finished, impression material was injected into the root canal. After casting of theimpression material, the teeth were decalcified to obtain molds of the root canals thatwere photographed with 20x magnification using a digital Dino Lite plus microscope toanalyze the uniformity of the instrumentation on the thirds using the three techniquesthat were classified into: WIC (well instrumented canal), RIC (regularly instrumentedcanal) and PIC (poorly instrumented canal). The results shown predominance of WICfor the Protaper technique in the middle and apical thirds, in the apical third for thethree techniques and the apical third for the modified Oregon technique, being theworst results for the Step Back and Oregon techniques in the middle third, and for theStep Back in the apical third. There were no statistically significant differences in theeffectiveness of the Step Back, modified Oregon and Protaper techniques when thethirds molds were analyzed qualitatively. We conclude that the crown-apicaltechniques resulted in more uniform and better quality instrumentation than the StepBack technique.
Assuntos
Humanos , Cavidade Pulpar , OregonRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Effective policy implementation is essential for a healthy workplace. The Ryan-Kossek 2008 model for work-life policy adoption suggests that supervisors as gatekeepers between employer and employee need to know how to support and communicate benefit regulations. This article describes a workplace intervention on a national employee benefit, Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), and evaluates the effectiveness of the intervention on supervisor knowledge, awareness, and experience with FMLA. METHODS: The intervention consisted of computer-based training (CBT) and a survey measuring awareness and experience with FMLA. The training was administered to 793 county government supervisors in the state of Oregon, USA. RESULTS: More than 35% of supervisors reported no previous training on FMLA and the training pre-test revealed a lack of knowledge regarding benefit coverage and employer responsibilities. The CBT achieved: (1) a significant learning effect and large effect size of d = 2.0, (2) a positive reaction to the training and its design, and (3) evidence of increased knowledge and awareness regarding FMLA. CONCLUSION: CBT is an effective strategy to increase supervisors' knowledge and awareness to support policy implementation. The lack of supervisor training and knowledge of an important but complex employee benefit exposes a serious impediment to effective policy implementation and may lead to negative outcomes for the organization and the employee, supporting the Ryan-Kossek model. The results further demonstrate that long-time employees need supplementary training on complex workplace policies such as FMLA.
Assuntos
Humanos , Aprendizagem , Governo Local , Oregon , Controle Social FormalRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant global public health concern, affecting 5.3 million US individuals annually. An estimated 1 in 3 women globally are abused by an intimate partner in their lifetime, and the effects carry over into the workplace. This article examines employers' perceptions of IPV in the workplace, targeting supervisors of Latina employees. METHODS: Fourteen employers and supervisors of small service-sector companies in Oregon were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Interpretive description was used to identify themes. These qualitative interviews preceded and helped to formulate a larger workplace intervention study. RESULTS: The following themes were found and are detailed: (1) factors associated with recognizing IPV in the workplace, (2) effects of IPV on the work environment and (3) supervisors' responses to IPV-active vs. passive involvement. Also, supervisors' suggestions for addressing IPV in the workplace are summarized. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the need for more IPV-related resources in the workplace to be available to supervisors as well as survivors and their coworkers. The needs of supervisors and workplaces vary by site, demonstrating the need for tailored interventions, and culturally appropriate workplace interventions are needed for Latinas and other racially and ethnically diverse populations.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Violência Doméstica , Emprego , Hispânico ou Latino , Oregon , Saúde Pública , Sobreviventes , ViolênciaRESUMO
La eutanasia y el suicidio asistido son temas de inevitable controversia por la diversidad de elementos que intervienen en su discusión. A las experiencias y valores personales, las creencias religiosas, los aspectos culturales y los aspectos legales, hay que agregar las emociones que suscitan estos temas y las ideas profundamente arraigadas que influyen en los puntos de vista de los individuos, incluso de manera inconsciente. Sin embargo, la necesidad de revisar y reflexionar sobre las valoraciones éticas y las leyes que regulan estas prácticas es impostergable en muchos países ante el aumento de padecimientos que entrañan sufrimientos devastadores para los enfermos. Tal es el caso de la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA), una enfermedad neuromuscular que provoca una parálisis progresiva, fallas respiratorias y la muerte entre los tres y cinco años después del diagnóstico.1 Las opciones de tratamiento para este padecimiento son sólo paliativas y su curso natural suele producir la muerte por asfixia. En los últimos años los pacientes con ELA han aparecido de manera repetida en el debate sobre la muerte asistida porque muchos consideran preferible adelantar su muerte que llegar a un final que significa vivir con un terror adicional....